THE HERO AND THE NYMPH Essay Example For Students

THE HERO AND THE NYMPH Essay or Vikramorvasie NOTE: This monologue is reprinted from The Hero and the Nymph. Trans. Sri Aurobindo. Hyderabad: Government Central Press, 1911. PURURAVAS: Halt, ruffian, halt! Thou in thy giant armsBearest away my Urvasie! He hasSoared up from a great crag in the skyAnd wars me, hurling downward bitter rainOf arrows. With this thunderbolt I smite thee. We will write a custom essay on THE HERO AND THE NYMPH specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now I am deceived! This was a cloudEquipped for rain, no proud and lustful fiend,The rainbow, not a weapon drawn to kill,Quick-driving showers are these, not sleety rainOf arrows; and that brilliant line like streakOf gold upon a touchstone, cloud-inarmed,I saw, was lightning, not my Urvasie. Where shall I find her now? Where clasp those thighsSwelling and smooth and white?This grove, this grove should find her. And here, O here is something to enrage my resolution.Red-tinged, expanding, wet and full of rain,These blossom-cups recall to me her eyesBrimming with angry tears. How shall I trace her,Or what thing tells me Here and here she wandered?If she had touched with her beloved feetThe rain-drenched forest-sands, there were a lineOf little gracious footprints seen, with lacEnvermeilled, sinking deeper towards the heelBecause oerburdened by her hips large glories.I see a hint of her! This wayThen went her angry beauty! Lo, her bodiceBright green as is a parrots belly, smittenWith crimson drops. It once veiled in her bosomAnd paused to show her naval deep as love.These are her tears that from those angry eyesWent trickling, stealing scarlet from her lipsTo spangle all this green. Doubtless her heavingTumult of breasts broke its dear hold and, sheStumbling in anger, from my Heaven it drifted.Ill gather it to my kisses. O my heart!Only green grass with dragon-wings enamelled!From whom shall I in all the desolate forestHave tidings of her, or what creature help me?Lo, in yon waste of crags the peacock! heUpon a cool moist rock that breathes of rainExults, aspires, his gorgeous mass of plumesSeized, blown and scattered by the roaring gusts.Pregnant of shrillness is his outstretched throat,His look is with the clouds. Him I will question:Have the bright corners of thine eyes beheld,O sapphire-throated bird, her, my delight,My wife, my passion, my sweet grief? YieldingNo answer, he begins his gorgeous dance.Why should he be so glad of my hearts woe?I know thee, peacock. Since my cruel lossThy plumes that stream in splendour on the wind,Have not one rival left. For when her heavyDark wave of tresses over all the bedIn softness wide magnificently collapsedOn her smooth shoulders massing purple gloryAnd bright with flowers, she passioning in my arms,Who then was ravished with thy brilliant plumes,Vain bird ? I question thee not, heartless thing,That joyest in others pain.

Federal Reserve Essays

Federal Reserve Essays Federal Reserve Essay Federal Reserve Essay The U.S. Economy was affected in many ways by the numerous tax rate cuts; the affects include the stock market, manufacturing, retail sales, unemployment, U.S. consumer confidence, and rumors of wars.The Feds goal is to make money more available to consumers, who drive two-thirds of Americas economy, and keep them spending.Most economists think the terrorist attacks of September 11, pushed the U.S. Economy, already weak after a year-long slowdown in spending by businesses, into a recession.The terrorist attacks have significantly heightened uncertainty in an economy that was already weak, the Fed statement said.Business and household spending as a consequence are being further damped.Recent data hinted that the beleaguered manufacturing sector, which has borne the brunt of a year-long slowdown in the general economy, was beginning to recover before the attacks.But there have also been signs that consumer confidence was beginning to wane before the attacks, an d it has certainly done so in the days since. (Cnnmoney,10/02/01)One may question if the Feds policy moves are effective any more.After all, it would seem that nine rate cuts in a year would at least have had an impact on stock prices, which usually resond positively to lower rates.Instead, major stock indexes, even before Sept. 11, were below the levels they held before the Fed started cutting rates.The stock market discovered that many of the numbers it had been using to try to make a case for buying expensive stocks ranged from aggressively promotional to outright lies and one of the Big Five accounting firms was convicted of fraud. (Macleans, 9/16/02)The travel industry was in crisis, and some airlines would go bankrupt.On a fiscal side, President Bush and Congress had approved a $40-billion emergency relief package and a $15-billion bailout of the airline industry in the day.

Voting essays

Voting essays If you were to ask me a few years ago why voting was important, I wouldnt really have the proper grasp as to why you should. A few years ago, what was on television that night was important to me, American politics were only the video clips that my father watched on the news before I was able to take over with MTV and vegetate mindlessly. Politics was a very foreign concept to me; I always saw it as a very complicated issue. Perhaps due to the fact that whenever a child asked an adult, What is the difference between a Democrat and a Communist? They would give some round about response totally evading the actual answer, only so they could be politically correct and protect any actual real information entering their childs head, for example, they reply with, Well dear, its quite confusing. If people would actually take the time and effort to explain the differences from the previous hypothetical (because there are really so few), our government would be more supported by the people it is supposed to support. Aside from the past Election of 2000, voting is really important. Voting gives the population an equal opportunity completely blind of race, sex, origin, etc. to actually contribute; free from all of the vices our society holds. To go to the voting booth is to say, I care enough about the welfare of my country to come down here to contribute to the progression of a wonderful capitalist society, Americas. (Now if you really want to contribute to a great capitalist society, just remember this handy rule of thumb, Got an R? You get a hole.) Also, if you dont vote, then dont complain. The most pathetic and disgusting thing about democracy is the people that abuse it. If you dont vote, then you have no room to moan and groan about the person elected, and can you guess why? Well, for starters, if you dont vote, you really dont...

Gratitude Quotes That Come Straight From the Heart

Gratitude Quotes That Come Straight From the Heart Jean Baptiste Massieu, the famous deaf educator, made a statement that is now considered a French proverb. He said, Gratitude is the memory of the heart. Indeed, appreciation comes when you feel grateful from the depths of your heart. The head keeps an account of all the benefits you received and gave. But the heart records the feelings of appreciation, humility, and generosity that one feels when someone showers you with kindness. In addition, gratitude and empathy are some of the attitudes that can help you achieve happiness, according to five psychology studies that can help restore your faith in humanity.   Express Gratitude at Every Opportunity Even a small act of kindness deserves a thanks. You cannot weigh the nobility of the act against intentions to decide whether or not to show your gratitude. So what if your friend helped you get a job only because he wanted you to return the favor? So what if you think that he could have helped you get a better job? It is your moral obligation to express gratitude. In the words of Alfred Painter, saying thank you is more than good manners. It is good spirituality. Ralph Marston Make it a habit to tell people thank you. To express your appreciation sincerely and without the expectation of anything in return. Truly appreciate those around you, and you’ll soon find many others around you. Truly appreciate life, and you’ll find that you have more of it. Maya Angelou I want to thank you, Lord, for life and all that’s in it. Thank you for the day and for the hour, and the minute. Toni Mont To say thank you is in recognition of humanity. Joseph Adisson Gratitude is the best attitude. There is not a more pleasing exercise of the mind than gratitude. It is accompanied with such an inward satisfaction that the duty is sufficiently rewarded by the performance. Fred De Witt Van Amburgh None is more impoverished than the one who has no gratitude. Gratitude is a currency that we can mint for ourselves, and spend without fear of bankruptcy. Edwin Arlington Robinson Two kinds of gratitude: The sudden kind we feel for what we take; the larger kind we feel for what we give. Lionel Hampton Gratitude is when memory is stored in the heart and not in the mind. Oscar Wilde The smallest act of kindness is worth more than the grandest intention. James Matthew Barrie Those who bring sunshine to the lives of others cannot keep it from themselves. Gordon T. Watts The depth and the willingness with which we serve is a direct reflection of our gratitude. John Wooden Things turn out best for people who make the best of the way things turn out. John F. Kennedy As we express our gratitude, we must never forget that the highest appreciation is not to utter words, but to live by them. Alice Walker Thank you is the best prayer that anyone could say. I say that one a lot. Thank you expresses extreme gratitude, humility, understanding. Courtland Milloy Nothing purchased can come close to the renewed sense of gratitude for having family and friends. Benjamin Franklin To the generous mind, the heaviest debt is that of gratitude, when it is not in our power to repay it. Ralph H. Blum There is a calmness to a life lived in gratitude, a quiet joy. Melody Beattie Gratitude unlocks the fullness of life. It turns what we have into enough, and more. It turns denial into acceptance, chaos to order, confusion to clarity. It can turn a meal into a feast, a house into a home, a stranger into a friend. Terri Guillemets As each day comes to us refreshed and anew, so does my gratitude renew itself daily. The breaking of the sun over the horizon is my grateful heart dawning upon a blessed world. G. B. Stern Silent gratitude isnt much use to anyone.

ERG international,inc Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

ERG international,inc - Essay Example The case study of Environmental Research Groups International, Inc. (ERG) proffered issues pertinent to evaluating the overall business plan and future prospects of the organization given previous experiences. ERG is currently owned by spouses Claude and Sherrie Robbins, who both have been instrumental in steering the company from its meager beginnings as a two-person operating entity, to an organization spanning the areas of energy, natural resources, and the environment. With a just recently lost bid for a 5-year, $12 million contract for the Department of Energy's National Renewable Energy Lab (NREL) technical services hotline, Claude Robbins remains optimistic of the future thrusts and prospects for the organization. 2. Executive Summary The study aims to present an understanding of facts and situations that need to be addressed given diverse areas that impact ERG’s operations. The paper would be outlined by initially presenting a summary of the business plan of ERG with i dentified objectives. Likewise, the discourse would delve into relevant details of the business including a brief historical background of the company, its products and its development and growth process. The company’s strengths and weaknesses would likewise be identified; including the main issues that currently face the organization. Finally, the factors that contributed to ERG’s success and the key factors affecting the industry, in general, would be determined, prior to discussing the proposed strategies that would be recommended to achieve identified goals. A. Brief Summary of Plan To achieve growth goals of increasing revenue and size, ERG plans to focus on using government and utilities as their target markets with large and mid-size contracts. The organization likewise plans to target the private sector through focusing on the top 1000 Fortune companies. ERG would offer services ranging from developing, managing, and evaluating demand-side management (DSM) prog rams, conservation programs, and alternative supply side options; as well as the development of innovative options for fuel consumption and improved technological efficiencies. The strategies that are planned to be used, as envisioned by ERG’s personnel are: â€Å"(1) creating a board of directors, composed partly of influential industry insiders who were likely to be aware of requests for proposals, (2) spreading out the marketing function by providing incentives to existing staff for obtaining future contracts, and (3) hiring a person whose sole task would be to solicit projects, with compensation tied to acceptance rate or profitability† (Winn 12). B. Major Objectives According to Claude L. Robbins, President of ERG, there are growth plans for the organization, to wit: â€Å"using government and utilities as a base, ERG would like to (a) expand our federal government contracts, particularly multi-year small business (and Woman-Owned Business) set-asides (which we h ave not actively pursued in the past), (b) develop long term consulting relationships with public and private utilities that are developing, managing, and evaluating demand-side management programs, conservation programs, and alternative supply side options (including cogeneration, and alternative fuels), (c) increase current work level for present client base. In the private sector ERG would like to focus on: (a) working with Fortune 1000 companies to develop energy efficiency and conservation policy as well as developing energy efficient buildings, (b) developing private sector industrial DSM and conservation programs, and (c) work with companies to develop/test new energy efficient technology† (Winn 11). As clearly indicated, the goal for the company is â€Å"to increase ERG's revenues and its size substantially over the next five years† (Winn 11). 3. History of the Business A. Background of the Company The company was originally formed by spouses Claude and Sherrie Robbins on Valentine’

Just answer an essay question Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Just answer an question - Essay Example Value hedonism is a basic principle of Utilitarianism, which provides that the rightness or wrongness of an action is determined by the intrinsic value that would be obtained from such an action, where the intrinsic value is measurable based on the happiness index. Thus, based on this principle, the Ford Motor Company’s decision not to make an improvement on its defective gas tank design because the costs of improving the design outweighed its benefits is right and moral, since it gave happiness to the company. On the other hand consequentialism is an important aspect of the Utilitarianism, where the rightness or wrongness of an act is also judged, based on how good or bad the consequences it produces are. The fundamental aspect of Utilitarianism regarding consequentialism is the fact that; good intentions do not matter in determining the rightness of an action, as long as good consequences are obtainable. Therefore, based on this principle, the Ford Motor Company’s decision is good, since despite the intention of the action, the consequences were good, since the company did not incur the extra costs. However, through applying the Utilitarianism concept of universality, all individuals to be affected by the consequences of an action are deemed morally relevant. Thus, considering the Ford Motor Company’s decision would impact negatively on the customers of the company, then it is morally wrong. This view point is emphasized by the impartialism principle of Utilitarianism, which requires that all individual affected by the action should count equally, as regards the consequences of an action. This being the case, the Ford Motor Company’s decision is immoral, since its consequences do not grant the customers of the company equal happiness, as it does to the

Long term project of French spirit promotion in Germany Essay

Long term project of French spirit promotion in Germany - Essay Example Initially there has been a rumor that Ubi-France intended to purchase more number of shares towards acquisition of the German rival groups. The business situation was therefore tensed, and business relationship between France and Germany stained. Such rumors have been refuted by the officials from the Ubi-France, rather the officials have stressed over the need to secure market shares and achieve customer satisfaction. The company has adopted and implemented â€Å"the use of operational ideas and successful experiences from their operations in France†, and has integrated the after purchase services with the sales network, aimed at the establishment â€Å"of a comprehensive and high-efficiency sales-service network† (Warren, 2001). The German consumer market venture has recorded sales of more than twenty thousand units on monthly basis, which is forty percent greater than the previous solo performance of the company. Ubi-France has felt victim of the sociolinguistic challenges within German market. The multinational companies including Ubi-France have been accused for their involvement in such practices which generate â€Å"creativity-driven shock values, controversy and extreme individualism commonly accepted in the North American and Western European markets†. Ubi-France has experienced severe tribulations due to its â€Å"advertising language as culture-blind and bona fid†, and German market created great hurdle for the industry. It has been important for the company to implement congruence of the values, and avoid the existence of the cultural values in the organization in an implicit manner. It has been observed that the categorization of the organizational, departmental and employee values and behaviors on the basis of the cultural affinity has generated satisfaction among the employees, and has developed positive impact on their â€Å"commitment, absenteeism, turnover, mora le and

Female Offenders( AfricanAmerican women) Research Paper

Female Offenders( AfricanAmerican women) - Research Paper Example These African Americans are serving mostly for non violent crimes which include property disputes. These African Americans face a lot of challenges while in the prison and some special services are also being provided to these women so that they can avoid the problems (Snell 1994; Sabol et al 2007). It has been seen that many of the problems that women face in the prison are due to the inefficiencies of the system which have not been corrected by the authorities concerned. A problem for most of the incarcerated females is that they cannot be accommodated in places nearby their home. This is because few facilities allow the accommodation of female prisoners. In United States it has been seen that women in prison are usually a hundred miles away from their child’s residence. It is stated that â€Å"more than 60 % of all women are incarcerated more than one hundred miles from their child’s place of residence† (Human Rights Watch 1996). This problem is related to the families of the female offenders as these females cannot remain in contact with their family. Economic resources of the African American women are low and hence it becomes even more difficult for the family to pay visits to the females. Female prisoners are kept in a high security zone where they c annot be harmed in anyway. This high security zone can prove to be problematic for them as they are discriminated and misclassified accordingly in these high security zones. The facilities available these days in the prisons are not enough to provide the women with the basic rights. The hygiene and healthcare systems of the prison were originally established for men and hence these African American women have to suffer at the hands of the authorities. Gynecological examination is not yet much prevalent in the prison systems of the United States. It has also been seen that many African American women are incarcerated for the use of drugs but these

MOD 3 CA ACC Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

MOD 3 CA ACC - Essay Example The Chief Financial Officer of the company, Lester Ledger, feels that the product lacks the aesthetic appeal and suggests repackaging them in designer bottles. This will increase the variable cost per unit by $ 4.75 and the fixed production costs will increase by $ 40,000 per year. He predicts that the sales volume will increase by 32 % (264,000 units). However, the increase in sales does not outdo the increased costs and the company will incur a loss of $ 1.334 million (as shown in Appendix 2). According to the Production Manager, Buster Bumble, the reduction in the standard size of the bottle by 10 % would drop the variable costs by $ 2.65 (amounts to $ 13.35 per unit). However, due to the reduced size, the sales will drop to $ 195,500 units. Though the contribution margin is considerably increased, the company still incurs a loss of $ 549,425 (as shown in Appendix 3). The marketing manager suggests that the product requires more promotion and an increase of marketing budget by $ 527,000 will be appropriate. This, combined with a price increase by $4.90 per unit will increase the sales volume by 17 % (234,000 units). The contribution margin is considerably increased as both the sales volume and the unit prices are higher than before. The increase in the contribution margin is significantly higher than that of the fixed costs and hence results in a profit of $ 129,600 (Appendix 4). It is evident from the above analysis that the first three proposals still result in a heavy loss for The Lovely Scent Perfume Company. The proposal made by the marketing manager indicates an estimated profit of $ 129,600. Hence it is recommended that the company should increase the marketing budget (by $ 527,000) and also increase the price by $ 4.90 per

Customer Service Supervisor Training Program Essay Example for Free

Customer Service Supervisor Training Program Essay KSA requirements  Ã‚   Program Objectives   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   At the program’s conclusion participants should: Knowledge   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   * be familiar with relevant university, state and federal policies, systems, procedures and regulations to ensure customer satisfaction Skill   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   * have all personal computer skills required to effectively work in the assigned work unit * be able to diffuse a variety of hostile and unpleasant customer situations * be competent in managing staff and the customer service work unit Ability * identify and adapt to different customer communication styles and cultural backgrounds and to recognize and resolve their needs      * adopt excellent time management procedures while adhering to relevant rules, processes and directives * assume effective problem solving procedures Program Agenda    Module and rationale Goals Training Methods 1. Policies and Procedures In order for a CSS to effectively operate within the work unit he/she must first be familiar and be able to work within   required polices and procedures. understand and work within the constraints of relevant university, state and federal policies, systems, procedures and regulations 1 day workshop PPT., individual, pair and group activities. (Participants will be provided with a folio all documentation for future reference.) 2. Personal Computer Skills In order for a CSS to effectively operate within the work unit he/she must be informed and able to use university information systems and databases, together with a number of software applications. obtain a competent working knowledge of word processing, spreadsheets, university information systems and databases, software applications 1 day workshop PPT, hands-on computer tuorial 4 ongoing weekly online tutorials 3. Understanding Customers and their needs Customers possess different styles of behaviour and learning how to adjust to those differing styles improves customer service and communication. understand the process of communication and the cultural differences that prevail, develop skills in overcoming barriers to communication, understand the importance of body language in communication,  ½ day workshop PPT, individual, pair and group activities  ½ day in the work unit role plays 4. Action Leadership    To be an effective leader,   a CSS needs to develop their own leadership skills and personal authority, as well as investigate tactics for building a strong and supportive team, handle difficult problems competently, and take accountability for end results. understand how to be an effective leader, understand how people are motivated, be better able to use the talents of individual members within the work unit, be able to develop realistic action plans 1 day workshop PPT, individual, pair group activities Take home ‘action plan’ assignment’ 5. Time Management    One of the biggest challenges a CSS has to face is managing their time.   They are often inundated with questions, queries and wants form all sides staff, customers and management.   The ability to identify and focus their attention on the most important tasks is often the difference between a successful or unsuccessful CSS. understand the importance of time in the role of CSS, identify priorities, allocate time between various activities, develop time schedules, deal with the unexpected . 1 day workshop PPT, individual, pair and group activities 6. Managing Conflict and problem solving    Not all customers are easy to manage and an effective CSS must develop effective conflict management and resolution skills to ensure customer satisfaction. These skills will also carry across to conflict issues within the work unit. understand the approach to problem solving, encourage prompt problem-solving through prompt personal action, evaluate the choices and choose the optimum solutions, understand the principles of negotiation  ½ day workshop PPT, individual, pair and group activities     ½ day in the work unit role plays       Evaluation    Participants will be given a series of scenarios, and at specific points they will be asked to indicate how they would respond. The scenarios will be realistic, using pictures, sound files, background information and video clips. In this was, a variety of behavioral measures will be gathered in a short period of time, and the process will not be dependent on the subjective judgments of examiners.

Preparation of Diphenylisoxazoline by a Dipolar Cycloadditio

Preparation of Diphenylisoxazoline by a Dipolar Cycloadditio Aims The aims of this experiment were: to synthesise a diphenylisoxazoline by a 1,3- dipolar cycloaddition reaction this involved the preparation of an oxime which was oxidised to form a rather unstable nitrile oxide which was trapped in situ with an alkene to yield an isoxazoline.; to fully characterise both, the intermediate oxime and the final isoxazoline, with Infra-Red and Proton NMR spectra. Experimental Preparation of benzaldehyde oxime In a fume cupboard, sodium hydroxide (3.5g) was dissolved in water (30mL) in a 100mL conical flask containing a magnetic stirrer bar. The solution was then allowed to cool down to ambient temperature and benzaldehyde (0.5mL) was added followed by hydroxylamine hydrochloride (0.5g). The stirrer was set to a maximum potency to allow for vigorous stiring for about 5 minutes. The conical flask was stopped at this stage. After 5 minutes, the stopper was removed from the flask and further portions of benzaldehyde (0.5mL) and hydroxylamine hydrochloride (0.5g) were added. This sequence was repeated until all the benzaldehyde (total 5.1mL) and hydroxylamine hydrochloride (total 4.2g) were consumed. The reaction mixture warmed up and the solution became homogeneous indicates complete consumption of benzaldehyde. With the aid of a broad-range pH indicator, the reaction mixture was neutralised with glacial acetic acid (à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‹â€ 1.6mL). At this stage a few drops of water were added to help dissolving any sodium acetate precipitate formed. The solution was then allowed to cool and the organic material (top layer) extracted with diethyl ether (2 x 30mL) to a 100mL beaker. A few spatulas of magnesium sulphate were added to the beaker to dry the organic extracts. The mixture was filtered off into a round-bottomed flask and the solvent removed on a rotary evaporator. The yield and the IR spectrum of the oil were recorded. 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction Again in a fume cupboard, styrene (2.9mL) and triethylamine (0.3mL) were dissolved in dichloromethane (15mL) in a 100 mL conical flask. Sodium hypochloride solution (25mL, ca. 10% available chlorine) was added whilst stirring with the aid of a magnetic stirrer bar already in the flask. The flask was placed into an ice bath and the oily oxime (2.5g) was added dropwise with the aid of a Pasteur pipette over a period of 15 minutes. Once addition was completed, the reaction mixture was allowed to stir in the ice bath for a further period of 45 minutes. The whole reaction mixture was transferred to a separating funnel where it was allowed to stand for a few minutes before the lower organic phase was extracted. Afterwards, the remaining aqueous phase was extracted with further dichloromethane (15mL) and both organic extracts combined and dried over magnesium sulphate (a few spatulas as required). The mixture was filtered into a round-bottomed flask, to remove the magnesium sulphate. The flask was placed onto a rotary evaporator to remove any remaining solvent. The weight of the crude product was recorded and the same recrystallised from ethanol. An IR spectrum was run through the pure product and the yield recorded. Results Percentage yield Step 1: Preparation of Benzaldehyde Oxime The first step of this experiment was to synthesise the benzaldehyde oxime. The reaction scheme for this synthesis is as follows: Stoichiometric ratio 1à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¡1 Benzaldehyde used = 5.1mL | density benzaldehyde = 1.0415 gml-1, mass = 5.31g (3 S.F.) Molecular mass = 106.12 gmol-1, therefore n. of moles = (3 S.F.) NH2OHà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â€ž ¢HCl used = 4.2g | Molecular mass = 69.5 gmol.1, hence n. of moles = NaOH used = 3.5g | Molecular mass = 40 gmol.1, hence n. of moles = Experimental ratio Stoichiometric ratio 1à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¡1, hence benzaldehyde is the limiting reagent. N. of moles of benzaldehyde = n. of moles of benzaldehyde oxime Benzaldehyde oxime yield = 4.43g |Molecular mass = 121.139 gmol.1, thus n. of moles = Step 2: 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction The preparation of the diphenylisoxazoline by a 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition follows the following reaction scheme: Benzaldehyde oxime used = 2.50g | Molecular mass = 121.14 gmol-1, therefore n. of moles = Styrene used = 2.90mL = 2.64g | Molecular mass = 104.15 gmol-1, hence n. of moles = NaOCl (ca. 10% available Cl) used = 25 mL | density NaOCl = 1.206 gmL-1, hence 30.15g used. Molecular mass = 74.5 gmol-1, therefore n. of moles = C6H15N used = 0.3 mL | density C6H15N = 0.726 gcm-3, hence 0.218g used. Molecular mass = 101.19 gmol-1, therefore n. of moles = Stoichiometric ratio of benzaldehyde oxime reacting with styrene is of 1à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¡1 Benzaldehyde oxime is the limiting reagent N. of moles of benzaldehyde oxime = n. of moles of diphenylisoxazoline Yield of diphenylisoxazoline = 1.00g | molecular mass = 223.270 gmol-1, thus n. of moles = Overall % yield Spectroscopic data Coupling Constants: H8 at CD: 2J8,7 = 16.4 Hz , 3J8,6 = 8.4 Hz H7 at CD: 2J7,8 = 16.4 Hz , 3J7,6 = 11.2 Hz H6 at CE: 3J6,7 = 11.2 Hz, 3J6,8 = 8.4 Hz Infra-Red Spectra Benzaldehyde Oxime O-H- (stretch) à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‹â€ 3500-3100 cm-1, broad peak C=N- à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‹â€ 1650 cm-1 sp3 C-H à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‹â€  3100-2750 (including aldehyde sp3 C-H) C=C aromatic à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‹â€  1450-1500 cm-1 ­ (3 medium peaks). N-OH à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‹â€ 960 cm-1 3,5-Diphenyl-2-isoxazoline N-O à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‹â€  920 cm-1 (sharp, medium) sp3 (phenyl) C-H and sp2 (azoline) C-H (stretch) à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‹â€ 2800-3200 cm-1 C-O à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‹â€ 900 cm-1 (sharp, strong) C=C aromatic à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‹â€  1450-1500 cm-1 ­ C=N- à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‹â€ 1650 cm-1 (sharp, weak) Other Data Before the organic phase was extracted, during the synthesis of benzaldehyde oxime, the reaction mixture was neutralized with glacial acetic acid, as per stated in the experimental session of this paper. The amount of acid necessary was calculated as follows, in order to ensure an accurate amount of acid added to the reaction mixture: N. of moles NaOH = NH2OHà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â€ž ¢HCl n. of moles = Excess of NaOH used = à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¡ n. of moles of CH3CO2H needed. Molecular mass CH3CO2H = 60.1 gmol-1 , hence mass of CH3CO2H = 1.63g. Density of CH3CO2H = 1.049 g/mL, therefore volume needed à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‹â€  1.60 mL Discussion Preparation of benzaldehyde oxime The first step of this experiment: Preparation of benzaldehyde oxime, is a simple condensation reaction between an aldehyde (benzaldehyde) and hydroxylamine. The benzaldehyde oxime prepared was clear oil with a relatively good % yield (73%). The comparison between the infrared spectra of the benzaldehyde oxime in the literature and the one recorded for this experiment (attached in the end of this paper) clearly indicates the successful preparation of the same. The Nujol © peaks are shown more strongly in the prepared spectra, but nevertheless it proves a clear way of identifying the functional groups of this compound. M.p. ranges were not measured, and therefore even though the IR spectrum correlates to the actual oximes, its purity should be treated as questionable. 1,3-dipolar Cycloaddition Reaction In this second step of the experiment, the syn-benzaldehyde oxime produced undergoes hypochlorite oxidation to form the 1,3-dipolar benzonitrile oxide which then reacts with the dipolariphile styrene in a 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction. The benzonitrile oxide is termed 1,3-dipole because of one of the resonance forms in which the formal position of the positive and negative charges are 1,3 with respect to one another. However, the term 1,3 does not directly relate to the position of the charges themselves but to the position of the bonding atoms in the dipolar molecule. In this cycloaddition reaction, the dipole atoms in position 1 and 3 of the benzonitrile oxime (LUMO) bind to the styrene (HOMO) to form diphenylisoxazoline. Benzonitrile oxime contributes four à Ã¢â€š ¬ electrons to the system: two à Ã¢â€š ¬ electrons from the à Ã¢â€š ¬ bond and two non-bonding electrons from the oxygen or nitrogen. On the other hand, the dipolariphile styrene contributes further two à Ã¢â€š ¬ electrons. In total [4 + 2]: an electronically allowed cycloadattion in which all 4 +2 electrons are in the ground state (termal). Depending of the spacial orientation of the styrene in solution, there are two theoretical products possible: 3,4 regioisomer 3,5 regioisomer The reaction therefore allows 5-membered rings synthesis, proceeding with high stereospecificity. The study of spectra data such as infrared and 1H-NMR allows not only the confirmation of the final product but also helps to determine the regioselectivity of the reaction. Infra-red Spectra By evaluation of the spectrum of diphenylisoxazoline, one can confirm the product synthesised. The peaks mentioned in the results session of this paper are indeed in accordance to the 3,5-diphenyl-2-isoxazoline structure. By comparison to the previous oxime spectrum, it is obvious the absence of the OH- group and the formation of a C-O bond. The sp2 hybrydised C-H stretches are also seen in the diphenylisoxazoline spectrum. Diastereostopic Systems and 1H-NMR Spectra Diastereostopic groups are not equivalent and have different chemical shits in NMR. A pair of hydrogens located in a carbon atom adjacent to a stereocenter is expected to be diastereostopic. Diastereostopic protons According to Pavia et al, in some compounds with diastereostopic hydrogens, the chemical shifts of Ha and Hb are different and the peaks split each other into doublet of doublets (2Jab). In this case of 3,5-diphenyl-2-isoxazoline, the adjacent proton Hc shows large differences between the vicinal couplings between ac (3Jac) and bc (3Jbc). Refering to NMR results in the results section, the geminal coupling constant between hydrogen 8 and 7 is large. Therefore, the presence of the diastereostopic hydrogens is confirmed as the geminal coupling depends upon the bond angle between both protons. In practice the smaller the angle the larger the coupling constant. H8 at CD: 2J8,7 = 16.4 Hz and H7 at CD: 2J7,8 = 16.4 Hz However, the question remains: Which is the final product: 3,5-diphenyl-2-isoxazoline or 3,4-diphenyl-2-isoxazoline? By using an H-NMR predictor, one can estimate the difference in chemical shifts between the diastereostopic and adjacent protons in both compounds. 3,5-diphenyl-2-isoxazoline or 3,4-diphenyl-2-isoxazoline? The use of an H-NMR predictor will help to understand the final product and its regioselectivity. Spectrum Prediction of H-NMR spectrum of 3,5-diphenylisoxazoline. See references Spectrum Prediction of H-NMR spectrum of 3,4-diphenylisoxazoline. See references As one can see, the chemical shifts predicted for the 3,5-diphenyl product in respect to diastereostopic hydrogens and the methine hydrogens are: à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‹â€ 3ppm and à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‹â€ 6ppm respectively. On the other hand, the chemical shifts for the 3,4-diphenyl product in respect to diastereostopic hydrogens and the methine hydrogens are: à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‹â€ 5ppm and à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‹â€ 4.5ppm respectively. The above values for the 3,5-diphenyl product are in close relation to the ones in the results section and hence the final product is the 3,5-diphenyl-2-isoxazoline. For the 3,5-diphenyl-2-isoxazoline, the vicinal coupling are in accordance to the structure of the this regio-isomer. H8 at CD: 3J8,6 = 8.4 Hz H7 at CD: 3J7,6 = 11.2 Hz H6 at CE: 3J6,7 = 11.2 Hz, 3J6,8 = 8.4 Hz The vicinal coupling constant depends upon the dihedral angle between the nuclei. As such, the 3,4-diphenyl product would have very different values. Furthermore, by looking at the structure of both compounds one could say that the 3,4-diphenyl product allows more steric hindrance than the 3,5-diphenyl product. Diazomethane and Ozone Ozone and diazomethane both behave as 1,3-dipoles. Their reactions with styrene also yields 5-membered rings. Ozone with Styrene Resonance forms of ozone as 1,3-dipoles Diazomethane with Styrene Conclusion Both reactions were successful and the products characterized. The regioselectivity of the isoxazoline was analysed by H-NMR spectrum and the product determined to be 3,5-diphenylisoxazoline. Melting point ranges could have helped to determine the purity of the samples. In order to further understand the factors contributing to the regioselectivity product of the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction, molecular modelling software could be used to determine energy differences between the products and transition states and whether the reaction is thermodynamically or kinetically favoured or both. In conjunction with frontier orbital of both HOME and LUMO and vice versa of the reagents, one could determine the reason for one product being more favoured than other. Nevertheless, the reaction of styrene with 1,3-dipolar benzaldehyde oxime yields 3,5-diphenyl-2-isoxazoline

Comparing Two Articles on Architecture :: Article Summary

In the history of architecture there often was a discrepancy between what the architect wants to design and what the client wants to have. In fact, sometimes an architect will do a great design and acquire awards for his design but maybe the client or user have an aversion to it. Stater (2002) and Misra (2002) argue this issue in a distinct way. In the article " it is just not Cricket", Stater (2002) explain the relationships between the architect and clients in different cases and gives two building as examples. The first case that the author shows in this article is the status of the architect who does not talk with any one and has the knowledge and the confidence, while what the client does not like may becomes secondary. Moreover, client has different situations of behavior such as incoherent, unconscious or very probably uninterested (Stater 2002). On the other hand, he said that the job of the architect seems like the doctor's job, for instance of that is when the patient come to the GP's doctor he tell him about his problems and symptoms. As a result the doctor finds the best treatment and solution for his problems. In the same way the client come to the architect and have same strategies. In terms of negative architecture design, the explanation of Stater (2002) can be seen in two examples of buildings which are the Bevin Court and the Media Centre at Lord’s Cricket Ground. Although these buildings have significant designs in terms of moderation and technique, they are not functional and inconvenience for clients. The reason of that the architect did not discuss the design with the client (Stater 2002). Conversely, in the article "Whose House Is It? Exploring User Participation in the Design Process of Residences" Misra (2002) explores that the design process must support the user needs. As well as, the author said that the architecture should be reflected and reinforced by the nature of gender, race and class relations in society. However Misra (2002) discussed four main points in seven projects in India which are the issue of user participation in the design of built environment, the architectural design process in the case of individual project is outlined, and the clients involvement, the patterns of clients-user participation evident and finally some institutional aspects that act systemically to maintain patters of user participation are outlined. In the aspect of the design of the built environment, Misra (2002) states that the behavior setting for individual and groups are the meaning of the built environment.

Iliad :: essays papers

Iliad Achilles’ Anger and Unreconciliation: Reassessing the Concepts of Mortality and Honor The subject of Homer’s epic poem, the Iliad, is very clearly stated--it is â€Å"the rage of Peleus’ son Achilles.† The reader remains continually aware of the extent of Achilles’ rage, yet is never told the reason why Achilles remains angry and unreconciled. There is no definitive answer to this question. Achilles is not a static character. He is constantly changing; thus the question of why he remains angry solicits different answers at various stages throughout the poem. To find an answer, the reader must carefully examine Achilles’ ever-changing dilemma involving the concepts of mortality and honor. At its simplest, Achilles’ dilemma is that if he goes to war, he will die. But he will die with glory. Achilles’ true nature is that of a warrior. The son of Peleus must fight. When he denounces Agamemnon and the Achaeans, he does not go home. His ship is last in line, near Troy. Subconsciously, he has already made the choice of accepting a short life filled with glory. Subconsciously, he wants to go back to war. He needs to. However, he also needs to insure his possession of glory and honor. But what kind of glory, what kind of honor? He already possesses the honor of the gods. He says, â€Å"my honor lies in the great decree of Zeus†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (IX.741.p.272). By book IX, material wealth is no longer what Achilles wants. He spurns Agamemnon’s offers. The typical mortal concepts of heroism no longer concern him; his ideals differ from those of his peers. Phoenix’s Meleager is no example to him. However, at this point Achilles still does not know what he wants. Pride and stubbornness still supplement his rage, but now his anger appears to be a manifest ation of his fear and confusion—â€Å"Stop confusing my fixed resolve with this†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (IX.745-746.p.272). Achilles knows that he wants honor and glory, but in what form? What Achilles does know, and what he must deal with, is the fact that his life will be short if he chooses to have honor and glory. Thus, the choices he makes concerning his honor are crucial. At this point his life is riding on the decision he makes. It is inevitable that Achilles will choose door #2--to go to war, live a short life, and have much glory.

Leadership Qualities Essay

Bernard Bass considers the combination of transformational and transactional leadership as the ideal leadership. Transformational leadership adopts aspects of transactional leadership too, depending on situations, to make it more effective. Thus transformational leadership also uses ‘transaction’ as a vital and effective skill. The effectiveness of the transformational skills is thus improved, without replacing it. When transformational leaders see dead end while trying to gain an agreement from followers, through value emphasis; they take to transactional styles. A transformational leader facing a win-lose situation would convert it to a win-win situation using transactional methods. According to Bass, transactional styles broadly form the basis of most leaders, when it comes to encountering followers. Leaders use the best style of leadership according to the situation, they find themselves. Bass warns against the adoption of pseudo transformational leadership qualities. Here leaders project a particular image of themselves and on the contrary do something else. They support something publicly while opposing it in private. They resort to various ways for pursuing their personal agenda by either imposing if possible or delaying it, if not possible. They would initiate projects, which they are against and delay its execution such that it is not realized. Bass warns that the pseudo transformational leadership qualities are very destructive and should be avoided. I would like to adopt the transformational leadership, as it is associated with values, and is more likely to produce required results, in the long run. Transformational leadership promotes equality, justice and human rights through loyalty and fairness. The leader’s moral obligations are rooted on a broader base of individuals within the organization, cultural beliefs and the social norms. The followers and leaders involved in the transformational leadership raise the levels of mutual motivation among themselves. This is because the leader attributes due recognition and importance to the perspectives put forth by his subordinates. The subordinates become more aware of the surroundings and the effect of action on the surroundings. Under transformational leadership a new aspect of employment relationship is developed in which employers feel the need for a mutual understanding of each other’s expectations, with their employees. Employees exhibit greater confidence and enthusiasm under transformational leadership as their skills and job knowledge are more sought and heard. Idealized influence, inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation, and individualized consideration are the main aspects of transformational leadership. Transformational leaders are more capable to handle even technical aspects of work than transactional leaders. Recent findings suggest that team performance and communication are improved under transformational leadership. Success of transformational leadership has been observed in various establishments, irrespective of culture and geography. The link between transformational leadership and leader effectiveness is weak among people with cultural values, compared to this link in people without cultural values. Transformational leaders have the strength to improve the performance of organizations beyond expectations and is seen to be the answer to today’s world of organizational instability and uncertainty. As transformational leaders shape social and institutional cultures, organizational transformation must be associated with moral responsibility. I feel that one should appropriately incorporate ideas of transformational and transactional leadership into their personal and professional lives. I should strive to achieve concurrence of opinion through logic, reasoning and judgment. However, when these seem to be failing to get the desired results, I would adopt transactional methods, throwing up harsh decisions and difficult options. The apt leadership type needs to be selected depending on the people to be encountered and also according to the confronting situations. With uncooperative people adopting transactional styles would most likely bring the desired results at the earliest. When situations arise for which I find it difficult to take a decision, either at office or at home, I encourage all relevant people to discuss, and contribute to decision making, in pure transformational style. REFERENCES Homrig M.A., (2001) Transformational Leadership [Electronically Retrieved]. Downloaded on 6th July, 2008 from http://leadership.au.af.mil/documents/homrig.htm

Ideas, Attitudes, Values, and Beliefs about Education and the Linguistic devices applied to Texts 2 and 3 of the Anthology

Text two Comprehensive was written by Carol Ann Duffy, and was taken from her first major collection Standing Female Nude, which was published in 1985. Since becoming a mother, Duffy has become more interested in writing for, and about children. Comprehensive is a literary piece written in first person narrative that represents speech however, it is intended to be read silently. The poem deals with the ethnic minorities, and the attitudes of different children living in Britain. The first stanza is about a young girl from Africa, and she explains how she prefers Africa to England. We get the impression that this girl is no that happy living in England. â€Å"We talk a lot about the things we used to do in Africa and then we are happy† (lines 6 and 7). In the second stanza, the sentences are a lot shorter and harsher. It is about a 14yr old boy named Wayne who is from England, who we would stereotype as â€Å"White Trash†. We get the impression from the sentence structure and the abrupt language used, that this boy is not very well educated. In fact, the young African girl in stanza one seems to have better English than the boy in stanza two due to better sentence structures that flow a lot more easier. This boy also shows in this stanza that he is racist. â€Å"Paki-bashing† (line 9) and â€Å"I don't suppose I'll get a job. It's all them coming over here to work† (lines 12 and 13) Here we see his prejudices, and how he is blaming â€Å"them† for him thinking he'll never have a job. Referring to these people as â€Å"them† shows how little he thinks of them. We can link stanza two to stanza 4, which is about a girl from England who sees life as boring. The sentences here are stilted and the use of idiomatic and colloquial language, gives the impression of the typical teenager, white trash stereotype displayed in the children written about from England. Also, linking to stanza 2, it is also subtly racist, â€Å"Marlon Frederic's nice but he's a bit dark† (line 23). Stanza 6 also links with 2 and 4, due to the racist prejudices displayed. Also, this person shows how he has been fed what he wants to be in the future, suggesting that children in England have no real dreams and ambitions of their own, so they live off what is expected of them. â€Å"I'm going into the Army. No choice really† (lines 36-37). But also, we see how this boy wants to emigrate and live in Australia. Although Australia is an English speaking country, he'll still be in exactly the same position as the ethnic minorities living in England (A pomme in an Au ssie's Society). From the stanzas which are about the children in the ethnic minorities, we see them all link together by the way they explain how happy they were when they lived in there place of origin. And how important it is for them to stay close to their families and loved ones. â€Å"Families face Mecca† (line 16) everyone coming together to pray! The last stanza is about how family is very important to one boy, and also how difficult he is finding it to adjust to a strange school where he doesn't understand what his teacher is telling him â€Å"The teacher told us to drink our milk. I didn't understand what she was saying so I didn't get any milk† (lines 43-45). At the end of the last stanza, we see how this person is ambitious and has hope for the future, opposed to those who have grown up here. Text three The Play Way was written by Seamus Heaney, the winner of the Noble Prize for literature in 1995. He became a full-time writer after studying and teaching at Queen's University in Belfast until 1972. The Play Way is taken from his first selection of poems, Death of a Naturalist, published in 1966. The Play Way is a literary piece, written in first person narrative and scripted to be read aloud. The poem is about a more relaxed way of education, as suggested by the title. This poem is written in quatrains (equal 4 line stanzas), with enjambment to make the poem flow easily and seem more relaxed. In the first stanza, he personifies the music â€Å"The music strides to challenge it† (line 3). In stanza 2, we see the generation gap between pupils and teacher. The children are not sure who Beethoven is, or what type of music he composed, as a child's perspective of music would be the type of music, which would appear mostly to them. â€Å"Can we jive?† (Line 8) is an expression we would link with the Rock ‘n' Roll type of music, or in this case the type of music which appeals to the children. We see that the music seems to have a magical quality for the teacher as it grabs the children's concentration. â€Å"†¦ Working its private spell behind eyes that stare wide† (lines 13 and 14). Comparing this poem to Text 25, The First Time, by Evelyn Waugh, Paul (a teacher in the poem) had to get the class on his side, but was forced to use a more firmer method to gain the control he wanted which set the text firmly in it's time. It shows The Play Way is a more modern and relaxed way of teaching. â€Å"Their blundering embrace of the free† (line 16) suggests that the lesson was a successful one. In the last stanza, he describes how he sees progression in â€Å"New Looks† (line 19), and how they have sub-consciously, found out more about themselves â€Å"To fall into themselves unknowingly† (line 20).

Globalization Of The Market Economy Essay

Much has been said how globalization has internationalize the market economy and how this system was able to integrate and create international partnerships between and among nations. Globalization is not just a phenomenon – it is a system, a new world system that has replaced the Cold War. Globalization has transcended economic and political borders without so much undermining the national sovereignty of any nation. This essay will document how the key players and catalysts accomplished the integration of a very complex world market economy, allowing the creation of the so-called global village. Specifically, this essay will look into the following: ? the creation of international bodies collectively known as The Bretton Woods institutions; ? the largest regional trade organizations: how they come into being, its membership, and how they are being seen sometimes as stumbling blocs, instead of building blocs; ? multi- or transnational corporations; and ? technological revolution (information and communication technology, or ICT, and the Internet). The list above will help us see globalization, an intangible system, as an observable, concrete, and measurable concept. This essay will also attempt to explain the future of globalization so as to prepare other areas that it has not penetrated yet, and at the same time, to allow those who are experiencing it already to take advantage of the strengths and opportunities in the system and be prepared with the threats that come with it. Understanding globalization There are two very interesting books on globalization that can serve as a starting point of this essay – MacGillivray’s A brief history of globalization: The Untold story of our incredible shrinking planet and Friedman’s The Lexus and the olive tree: Understanding globalization. MacGillivray argues that the term â€Å"globalization† has rapidly become one of the most overused words in the field of international relations. Unfortunately, its being overused does not guarantee understanding of the concept. In fact, this is one of the least understood or at least broadly construed concepts in the same field. It clearly covers connections between and among political, economic, cultural, and even environmental issues or concerns. And with the recent advance in information technology, we also know that globalization also concerns itself about technology and even war. MacGillivray described globalization as the interaction and integration between and among people, corporations, and governments across national boundaries. Such web of interaction and integration is motivated by international trade and investment with the help of technology, particularly, information technology (MacGillivray 2006). The importance of technology in the era of globalization was further elaborated and described by Friedman in his book The Lexus and the olive tree: Understanding globalization through this passage: â€Å"In the Cold War, the most frequently asked question was ‘How big is your missile? ’ In globalization, the most frequently asked question is ‘How fast is your modem? ’† As compared to other writers who believe that globalization is a phase of human evolution, or maybe a trend, Friedman believes that it is more of an international system which existence was significantly felt after the Cold War period. He argued that the movement of globalization in this contemporary period is just an extension of the previous period which has marked the end of the First World War (Friedman 1999). Whereas the Cold War has changed the whole world into a bipolar one, globalization has changed this into a global village with shared or integrated resources in terms of capital, technology, political and market sentiments, and information across and, even more interesting, through national borders. Establishing new grounds: The collapse of economic and market frontiers Globalization’s effects are very much visible in some aspects of international relations. In this essay, the effect on economic sovereignty would be the focus. It should be noted though that as far as these effects are concerned, globalization does not destabilize the sovereignty and legitimacy of a nation in any one way or another. With globalization, we could say that the economic borders of any sovereign nation has somewhat been transcended, i. e. , protectionist policies are either challenged if not eliminated completely. The Bretton Woods system: The first attempt to international openness One of the best ways of seeing globalization’s effect to international relations is by looking at international financial institutions having direct or indirect effect to sovereign nations. While they do not exactly dictate what the economic policies of countries should be, these bodies without a doubt influence the making of such policies. In the early 1930s, currency exchange rates, even those of the major economies, are unstable. A number of countries are protectionists and had very restrictive trade policies. A decade after that, Great Britain and the United States, the only two super powers then, proposed the establishment of international financial or monetary institutions that would aim to stabilize exchange rates and, more importantly, improve international trade. In 1944, 44 nations through their representatives convened at the United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference in Bretton Woods, New Hampshire. The participants of the conference met to plan the recovery and eventual development of post-war Europe and to discuss the monetary and prevailing economic issues of that period – protectionist trade policies and unstable exchange rates of a number of countries (Bretton Woods Project 2007; Canadian Economy Online 2007). This has given birth to the Bretton Woods Agreement. The agreement aims to create a post-war international monetary system of convertible currencies, fixed and stable exchange rates, and free trade across geographical regions. The International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (which was later on referred to as the World Bank) were established to facilitate the objectives of the agreement. The resulting bodies from this Bretton Woods convention have definitely affected the economic sovereignty of countries. Taking the case of International Monetary Fund, its main areas of concern are surveillance (advice and appraisal on the policies of its member economies), financial or monetary assistance for members experiencing short- to medium-term economic problems and difficulties, and technical assistance as well as training in monetary and fiscal policies (Ibid). The Bretton Woods agreement prevented currency and exchange rates competition and promoted monetary cooperation among its member economies. Under this system, member nations and economies agreed to have a system of currency exchange rates that could be adjusted or computed within defined parities with the US dollar. This currency exchange rate could also be adjusted to correct a basic disequilibrium in balance of payments as approved by IMF. Advocates of the Bretton Woods system argued that establishment of a stable exchange rate would discourage the â€Å"beggar thy neighbour† policies, which would eventually benefit several, if not all, member economies by the promotion and expansion of international market and trade. The competitiveness of currency exchange rates decreased overtime due to infrequent changes in parities. Some expressed concerns that a fixed currency exchange rate system may prohibit countries enough liberty for them to actually pursue and implement their own monetary and fiscal policies. IMF uses both its surveillance as well as technical assistance work or functions in developing codes and standards of good practice in its areas of responsibility (Articles of Agreement of the International Monetary Fund 2007). The World Bank, which is officially named International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, is actually a development institution. Its mandate is to build a climate of healthy investment, sufficient jobs, and sustainable growth. It also invests in poor people and empowers them to participate in development projects. Its efforts on poverty reduction can be observed in national as well as global levels (Schiff and Winters 2003, 15–16). The World Bank gives emphasis on extending aids to poor and developing nations. But more than just these financial aids or loans, the bank gives advice on policymaking and training to countries needing them. Now, in return for IMF’s and World Bank’s financial support or any other kind of advice, recipients of these financial aids should implement necessary structural adjustment policies that will encourage healthy public spending, especially on social services delivery systems. These policies usually decrease government’s participation in the economy (or market, to be specific). Currently, the World Bank is the largest international lending institution dealing with least developed to developing countries (Ibid, 25–26). The World Trade Organization is probably the most â€Å"intrusive† of the three bodies established by the Bretton Woods convention. The convention created a provision for an International Trade Organization. However, such plan lay dormant until the actual establishment of the World Trade Organization in early 1990s. This original plan did not materialize in the form it was originally conceptualized because of the refusal of the US Congress to endorse it. (The refusal of the US Congress is primarily anchored on the idea that had the International Trade Organization been approved then, this body would have the power of a supranational body that can implement sanctions, penalties, or disciplines to any member economies that the ITO deem violating the principles and agreements reached at the Bretton Woods. ) In lieu of this, an international organization, so to speak, in the form of General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade or GATT was created. As an international body, it has the primary responsibility of reducing trade barriers through multilateral and multinational negotiations. ITO, however, does not have the power to effect any policies, i. e. , its agreements are non-binding (Timeline: World Trade Organization – A chronology of key events 2007). The World Trade Organization came into existence on 1995. It replaced GATT as an international body overseeing the multilateral trading system. One hundred and twenty-eight (128) countries had signed GATT by 1994. And as of the year 2007, there are 151 full-fledged members and 30 economies/countries having observer status. Every member country of the WTO has the right to challenge or simply question other countries’ local, state, or federal laws granted that such laws may impede efficient and effective international trade. In such cases, if the WTO judges the law to contain violations of WTO ideals, it [WTO] may order the government to overturn or modify the law or else, the country can experience or suffer from trade sanctions. This is exactly why the US Congress did not approve the ratification of the treaty for the creation or establishment of the WTO (Ibid). These three international bodies have clearly penetrated the economic barriers, even political to some extent, of any of its member economies. For this purpose, however, it is clear that these effects are for the benefit of the member economy. While it is clear that these Bretton Woods bodies do not directly dictate economic policies, it has the power to influence its members to act towards its direction. Again, this is not to emphasize that economic sovereignty is being taken away from the country itself, but clearly, the economic barriers have been breached. Regional trade associations or blocs Regional trade associations are â€Å"offshoots†, so to speak, of the globalization phenomenon where inter-nation or inter-state agreement is established. These associations are actually the ones that manage, promote, and direct all the trade activities of the concerned group of countries or regions of the world (UC Atlas of Global Inequality, 2007). This is a case where instead of an institution penetrating the borders of a country, the sovereign country itself initiates the â€Å"surrender† of their economic, or more particularly, trading, policies. Regional trade associations, in general terms, are groupings of economies or nations at a governmental level that aims to promote, manage, and encourage trade within and among their own region and defend its member countries or member economies against a larger global competition. Protection against this larger global competition is done by most countries by establishing tariffs on commodities produced by its members economies, import quotas, onerous bureaucratic import processes, government subsidies, and technical and other non-tariff barriers. Trade is not an isolated activity and other areas of relations between countries or economies involved are also affected: political, security, and other issues affecting the region (Ibid). A good example of a regional trade bloc affecting other aspects of inter-national relations is the case of the European Union or EU. This group is the world’s largest trade association, and by far, the most effective in terms of certain aspects. EU has harbored not just economic but also political ambitions extending way beyond the free trading arrangements entered into by the participating economies (Gibb and Michalak, 1994, 75). The ideological foundations of EU were actually focused on ensuring development and maintaining international or even inter-regional stability, specifically, encapsulating communist or socialist expansion in the post-WWII Europe. EU’s plan actually involves possible joint policies on military security and citizenship. Some researchers believe that trade associations complement globalized trade. There are those, on the other hand, who believe that regionalism is a threat to free trade due to its protectionist nature having conservative policies being implemented by these blocs that shield the member- countries from outside competition of global trade. Such debates contain sharp disagreements. In the same work by Gibb and Michalak (1994, 1), they noted, â€Å"the multilateral trading system is in decline and regionalism is on the ascendancy. † They emphasized that regional trade blocs are an alternative form of trade that â€Å"attempts to counter more aggressive policies of trade, especially as espoused by the WTO. †

Roman Architecture essays

Roman Architecture essays The Roman society, like any other, had its humble beginnings. The history of their architecture runs virtually in step with the history of their empire to an extent. As the Empire expanded so did the architecture, and as Romans became more magnificent their architecture followed. Roman architecture had its humble beginnings as a form of worship. The first Roman architects were the ancient priests and dwellers who made areas of sacrifice and worship for their gods. At first, their homes were simple huts but as they grew smarter and more aware of their surroundings, they erected monumental sites for their gods. This space shall be for worship and for nothing else; it shall be four-square; ... whatever is done or said in this holy space the gods shall be aware of; whatever comes ... shall be a sign from the gods. (Brown 10) So, like many arts, Roman architectures roots are embedded in the worshiping and homage paid in religion. The Romans were, of course, not the first to unveil and practice many of their building philosophies; however, they built like no other society before them. Their methods incorporated efficiency and sophistication to construct a whole new look. So with the rise of the Romans and the everlasting hail of Caesar after Caesar and Emperor after Emperor, Roman architecture expanded and influenced building over the world. Unlike the Empire, though, Roman design did not die at the hands of the Germanics, or rather at the hands of self-destruction; it continued to expand and play a part in every major style throughout history. Today, a look at any bridge, tunnel, skyscraper and most buildings will reveal a Roman influence. Even through its empires own tribulations and defeat, architecture has stood as an everlasting symbol of what Rome once was, and what the rest of the world is today. To conclude, Roman architecture cannot be looked at as a mere time period or cu...

second amendment loop hole essays

second amendment loop hole essays .When I was born my grandfathers gift to me was a lifetime NRA membership and on my twelfth birthday I received my fathers .22 caliber rifle, which he had gotten from my grandfather as a young boy. The topic of discussion at most family gatherings normally involves whatever species of animal is in season or gun control. Growing up in this environment has given me an interesting outlook on certain issues, mostly those having to do with gun control and the Second Amendment. It is my belief that the original intent and purpose of the Second Amendment was to preserve and guarantee, not grant the pre-existing right of individuals, to keep and bear arms. The Second Amendment reads: A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed. Although there is an emphasizes on the need for a militia, membership in any militia let alone a well regulated one, is not required. to prove this you only need to look at The first nine amendments of the United States Constitution which were clearly meant to preserve individual rights. The use of the word people in the Second Amendment indicates an individual right. While the Tenth Amendment which reads: The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people. With this wording the writers of the constitution have clearly, distinguished between the rights states and the people. Are we to assume the Founding Fathers were so careless in constructing a legal document like the Constitution that they would use the word "people" when The Second Amendment was meant to accomplish two distinct goals, each perceived as crucial to the maintenance of liberty: First, it was meant to guarantee the individual's right to ...

Derecho and Derecha, Two Confusing Spanish Words

Derecho and Derecha, Two Confusing Spanish Words Two easily confused Spanish words are derecho and derecha. Both are distant cousins of the English words right and direct, and that is the source of the confusion: Depending on the context and usage, these words can carry meanings such as right (the opposite of left), right (entitlement), straight, upright and directly. ‘Derecho’ and ‘Derecha’ Explained These words are easiest to understand as nouns: El derecho is never a term of direction and is used to refer to something that is due a person according to law, moral principle or custom - in other words, a right. When used in the plural, it typically means rights such as in the phrase derechos humanos, human rights. It can also refer to a type of right that is less abstract. For example, derechos del autor (literally, authors rights) refers to royalties.La derecha refers to something that is on the right (opposite of left) side. It can refer to, for example, the right hand and the political right. The adverbial phrase a la derecha is common and means to the right or on the right. As an adjective, derecho (and derived forms derecha, derechos and derechas) can mean right (the opposite of left, as in el lado derecho, the right side), upright (as in el palo derecho, the upright pole), and straight (as in là ­nea derecha, straight line). Usually the context will make the meaning clear. Except in bad Spanglish, derecho as an adjective does not mean correct. As an adverb, the form is derecho. It typically means straight ahead or in a straight line as in anduvieron derecho, they walked straight ahead. Sample Sentences Here are some examples of these words in use: No tienes el derecho de iniciar la fuerza contra la vida, libertad, o propiedad de otros. (You dont have the right to initiate the use of force against the life, liberty or property of others.)Estos cambios pueden tener un impacto negativo contra los derechos al voto de minorà ­as raciales. (These changes can have a negative effect against the voting rights of racial minorities.)Queremos el derecho a decidir para toda la gente. (We want the right to decide for all the people.)Como consecuencia de este incidente sufrià ³ una herida grave en el ojo derecho. (As a result of this incident he suffered a serious injury in his right eye.)El coche es caro, pero no me funciona la luz de cruce derecha. (The car is expensive, but the right turn signal doesnt work for me.)El espejo derecho no es obligatorio salvo que algo nos obstaculice el uso del espejo interior. (The right-side mirror isnt mandatory unless something blocks our use of the interior mirror.)Siguià ³ derecho por un tiempo ante s de que parara. (She continued straight ahead for some time before she stopped.) Nunca he negado que hay diferente tipos de derechas. (I have never denied there are different types of conservatives.)Espero que la pared de la cocina està © derecha. (I hope the kitchen wall is straight up and down.)Gire a la derecha desde la rampa de salida. (Turn to the right from the exit ramp.)Por tradicià ³n el guila de la bandera mira a la derecha. (Traditionally, the eagle on the flag looks to the right.) If You Need To Say ‘Left’ Whether referring to physical direction or politics, the noun form for left is izquierda. The adjective form is izquierdo and its variations for number and gender. Zurdo is the adjective usually used to refer to someone who is left-handed. Some sample sentences: Sufro de constante inflamacià ³n en el ojo izquierdo. (I constantly suffer from inflammation in my left eye.)Se dice que un partido es de la izquierda cuando tiende a buscar una mayor distribucià ³n de las riquezas. (They say that a party is from the left when it tends to pursue a greater distribution of wealth.)La imagen a la izquierda muestra la rotacià ³n del planeta. (The image on the left shows the planets rotation.)Fue designado como mejor atleta zurdo del paà ­s. (He was named the countrys best left-handed athlete.) Key Takeaways As an adjective, derecho (and its feminine and plural forms) can mean the opposite of left as well as upright or straight, and it can also serve as an adverb to refer to action straight ahead.But as a noun, el derecho never refers to a direction. but to an entitlement.The noun form for something on the right (opposite of left) side is derecha.

Humanity Bloomed During the Renaissance

Humanity Bloomed During the Renaissance The Renaissance, a movement that  stressed the ideas of the classical world, ended the medieval era  and heralded the start of Europes modern age. Between the 14th and 17th centuries, art and science flourished as empires expanded and cultures mixed as never before. Although historians still debate some  causes of the Renaissance, they agree on a few basic points. AHunger for Discovery The courts and monasteries of Europe had long been repositories of manuscripts and texts, but a change in how scholars viewed them sparked a massive reappraisal of classical works in the Renaissance. Fourteenth-century writer Petrarch typified this, writing about his lust for discovering texts that  had previously been ignored. As literacy spread and a middle class emerged, seeking out, reading, and spreading classical texts became commonplace. New libraries developed to facilitate access to old books. Ideas once forgotten were now reawakened, as was interest in their authors. Reintroduction of Classical Works During the Dark Ages, many classical European texts were lost or destroyed. Those that survived were hidden in churches and monasteries of the Byzantine Empire or in capitals of the Middle East. During the Renaissance, many of these texts were slowly reintroduced into Europe by merchants and scholars. In 1396 an official academic post for teaching Greek was created in Florence. The man hired, Manuel Chrysoloras, brought with him a copy of Ptolemy’s Geography from the East. A huge number of Greek texts and scholars arrived in Europe with the fall of Constantinople in 1453. The Printing Press The invention of the printing press  in 1440 was the game-changer. Finally, books could be mass produced for far less money and time than by the old handwritten methods. Ideas could be spread through libraries, booksellers, and schools in a way that wasnt possible before. The printed page was more legible than the elaborate script of books written longhand. Printing became a viable industry, creating new jobs and innovations. The spread of books also encouraged the study of literature itself, allowing new ideas to spread as cities and nations began establishing universities and other schools. Humanism Emerges Renaissance humanism  was a new manner of thinking and approaching the world. It has been called the earliest expression of the Renaissance and is described as both a product and a cause of the movement. Humanist thinkers challenged the mindset of the previously dominant school of scholarly thought, Scholasticism, as well as the Catholic Church, allowing the new thinking to develop. Art and Politics The new artists needed wealthy patrons to support them, and Renaissance Italy was especially fertile ground. Political changes in the ruling class shortly before this period had led to the rulers of most major city-states being â€Å"new men† without much political history. They attempted to legitimize themselves with conspicuous investment in and public flaunting of art and architecture. As the Renaissance spread, church and European rulers used their wealth to adopt the new styles to keep pace. The demand from the  elites wasn’t just artistic; they also relied upon ideas developed for their political models. The Prince, Machiavelli’s  guide for rulers, is a work of Renaissance political theory. The developing bureaucracies of Italy and the rest of Europe generated new  demand for highly educated humanists to fill the ranks of governments and bureaucracies. A new political and economic class emerged.   Death and Life In the middle of the 14th  century, the Black Death swept Europe, killing perhaps a third of the population. While devastating, the plague left survivors better off financially and socially, with the same wealth spread among fewer people. This was especially true in Italy, where social mobility was much greater. This new  wealth often was spent lavishly on arts, culture, and artisanal goods.  The merchant classes of regional powers such as Italy  saw a great increase in wealth from their roles in trade. This growing mercantile class sparked a financial industry to manage their wealth, generating additional economic and social growth. War and Peace Periods of peace and war have been credited with allowing the Renaissance to spread. The end of the Hundred Years War between England and France in 1453 allowed Renaissance ideas to penetrate these nations as resources once consumed by war were funneled into the arts and sciences. By contrast, the Great Italian Wars of the early 16th century allowed Renaissance ideas to spread to France as its armies invaded Italy repeatedly over 50 years.

XBIS ASSIGNENT WK6 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

XBIS ASSIGNENT WK6 - Essay Example In fact, Club IT is now selling advance tickets for Friday and Saturday night concerts online. However, it is quite clear that only a few nightclubs have ventured in e-commerce activities. Hence, there is an opportunity to maximize this initiative in the nightclubs for a better competitive advantage and efficiency in the business. Indeed, there are wide opportunities to streamline the ordering process via Business-to- Business e-commerce. There are various project development methodologies. However, before choosing any methodology it is advisable to devise a workable plan to analyze the expected costs and benefits of the available methodologies. Actually, information systems are dependent on organizational planning in relation to its performance as compared to other business competitors. As such, a cost- benefit analysis is fundamental for any project development methodology. We have five project development methodologies that include buying the applications, developing them, leasing them, outsourcing them, using open-source software, or using software-as-a-service (Rue & and Byars, 2006). I opt to use the leasing method as the backbone of my analysis on Club IT. Club IT is a Small- medium enterprise, which can hardly afford major investments in IT software. Hence, the leasing methodology will be suitable for it. Since the company would prefer software that will cover its requirements, the lease methodology will avai l to the company the software with dominant features which will save Club IT both time and money in developing. In evaluating the methodology, Club IT can apply the 80/20 rule that will enable the company to customize its system in case of technological advancements. Additionally, since Club IT is a Small- medium enterprise, it has inadequate supply of IT personnel to develop customized IT applications befitting the company,

Black Power Movement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Black Power Movement - Essay Example It is not possible to comprehend the reason for the formation of the BPP or attempt to explain its violent tendencies without first examining the Civil Rights movement of the 1950’s and 1960’s and the specific events leading up to its establishment. This discussion will give a brief synopsis of those historic events and the people that laid the foundation for the forming of the BPP; provide an overview of the party and then delve more deeply into the inner-workings of the organization. Malcolm X (Little) became a powerful speaker in the movement and became more important to the cause by his death than he was in life. As Martin Luther King had secured the character of the Southern black, Malcolm had become the messiah of city slums in the North, Midwest and West. The semi-militant organization he headed, the Nation, grew quickly under his leadership. Malcolm was most remembered for his passionate anti-white speeches. This was an idea that was emulated by other pro-autono my organizations. He was the target of many death threats, one of which, in 1965, was successful. Soon after Malcolm’s death, Huey Newton and Bobby Seale began forming the Black Panthers (Black Panther Party, 2011). The South was the epicenter for the civil rights movement but racial problems had no regional boundaries. As blacks in the south were working to eradicate segregation, blacks in places such as Chicago, Detroit and Oakland were engaged in their own fight for equal treatment. By the mid-1960’s hostility between Oakland’s black community and the police, a long and ever escalating problem, had reached its apex. Because blacks, being seemingly constantly under an increasing intimidation by the police, Newton and Seale founded the Black Panther Party for Self-Defense in October 1966. The pair had been intensely influenced by the teachings of Malcolm X and structured the organization similar to the Black Muslim program except with no pretenses of religious practice. In contrast to Martin Luther King’s methods and teachings of nonviolent protest, the BPP claimed that they needed to equip themselves with weapons for use as self-defense against police brutality. Arming the group did provide the intended protection but, predictably, led to confrontations with the police that often times concluded with a bloody altercation. The Panthers also volunteered their time and efforts performing various activities that helped people in the community. The group made the rounds throughout neighborhoods in Oakland carrying arms, recorders, and various books so as to teach black history, counsel welfare recipients, and effectively protest rent evictions through the court system. The Panthers could be easily distinguished by their uniform dress of black jackets, pants and berets with blue shirts (Jones, 2000). In 1967, Eldridge Cleaver joined the Black Panther Party. At the time, Cleaver was working as a writer for Ramparts magazine and was the c reator of Black House, a political organization in San Francisco. â€Å"Cleaver served as the Panthers’ minister of information. In this position he was in charge of the publication of the Black Panther newspaper. On April 25, 1967, the first issue of the paper was published and

Review of the Annual Report & Accounts regarding the financial Essay - 1

Review of the Annual Report & Accounts regarding the financial performance of the QE11 for the year ended 31 March 2013 - Essay Example The other part of the report is based on the factors that the QEII should consider when looking for sponsorship so that it remains competitive in the increasing competitive environment. The report is in three parts as discussed below. First, the improvement in the cash flow position is due to the increase in the operating surplus. QEII generates it revenue from the sale of the house occupancy, conference activities such as meetings and conferences and from the interest rates from their investments in other companies. The increase in the operating surplus was due to the increased marketing activities. The good marketing that the QEII did both at home and abroad lead to the whole centre being booked for the Olympic period to host Casa Italia representing the Olympic committee of Italy. Secondly, the increase in trade and other receivables lead to the increase in cash flow to the centre. This was because of the good measures of credit control management which were very effective during the financial year limiting the exposure to the risk of bad debts for the centre. Therefore, decrease in bad debts means that good amount of cash was received from the accounts receivables which lead to the increase in the cash flow position improvement (Harrison, 2001). The third is the increase in the provisions has lead to the improvement in the cash flow position. A provision is a form of receipt in the cash flow statements and therefore if any provision in center is increased, it increases its cash flow position. Hence the increase in the provisions has lead to the improvements in the cash flow statement The fourth factor that leads to the improvement in the cash flow position is the decrease in trade and other and other payables due after more than one year. Any decrease in the trade and other accounts payable leads to the improvement in the cash flow position as less cash will be paid out. . This ensures that little cash is paid out which

International business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 8

International business - Essay Example Unilever is regarded as the one of the leading fast moving consumer products suppliers. The business environment of Unilever has been transformed in to a more complex and diverse phenomenon with its independent approach to managing an internationally diverse strategic operational environment, supply chain (logistics) and value chain (www.unilever.com). It owns over 400 world’s popular consumer brands of foods, beverages, personal care and cleaning agents thus offering richness and variety to a global customer base in different countries. Its overall business strategy encompasses a series of other segmental operations. Unilever has adopted a functionality-based approach to its logistic operations, value chain management and decision making in the larger context of corporate expansion, both within the UK market and other regions (Boyle, & Ottensmeyer, 2005). It sells packaged consumer goods to captive consumers who have rarely abandoned the company in preference for another. The logic behind its success is to be found in its mission statement – â€Å"meeting the everyday needs of people everywhere†. Thus out of every two households in the world one uses Unilever products. It controls roughly 90 subsidiaries in the world. It’s the second largest packaged food company in the world just behind Procter & Gamb le (www.unilever.com). Its global network of logistics and value chain has little parallel elsewhere. The current global logistic operations strategy at Unilever is largely determined by its Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) strategy, Balanced Score Card (BSC) Framework and Value, Rarity, Inimitability, Organization (VRIO) framework. In ERP the top-down perspective has helped to map out strategic partnerships with a diverse network of suppliers (Jacobs, & Chase, 2010). Thus its ERP techniques have facilitated Unilever’s value chain management functions to a greater extent by doing away with tedious and time